Which type of study design is NOT typically included in qualitative research?

The study design that is not typically included in qualitative research is the randomized controlled trial (RCT). RCTs are primarily associated with quantitative research, as they focus on the measurement of numerical data to determine causality and effectiveness of interventions by comparing outcomes across groups that are randomly assigned to receive different interventions or a control.

Qualitative research, on the other hand, aims to understand human behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior through non-numerical data. It often involves exploratory methods that provide depth and context to a phenomenon, rather than trying to establish statistical relationships or causation.

Case studies, ethnography, and qualitative interviews are all forms of qualitative research. Case studies allow for an in-depth examination of a single instance or case within its real-life context, ethnography involves immersive observation and participation to understand cultural phenomena, and qualitative interviews are conducted to gather rich, detailed accounts of participants' experiences and perspectives. Each of these methods emphasizes understanding rather than quantifying, which aligns with the core purpose of qualitative research.